Estudio descriptivo de mortalidad en sobrevivientes de tortura y prisión política en el período de la dictadura militar en Chile, 1973-1990

Background: Studies on the long-term consequences of torture in survivors in Chile have only addressed the consequences for mental health, leaving aside the physical consequences. Aim: To report the causes of death in the universe of victims of the Chilean civic-military dictatorship recognized by the Reports of the National Commission for Political Prison and Torture (CNPPT) and the Advisory Commission for the qualification of Disappeared Detainees, Politically Executed individuals and Victims of Political Prison and Torture. Material and Methods: The causes of death, age at the time of death, sex, political context of death and opportunity of repair up to June 2016 are described in 38,254 victims of the Chilean civic-military dictatorship. Results: Of the universe of 38,254 victims, 9,152 (23.9%) died until June 2016. The median age at death was 68 years. The main causes of death were malignant tumors in 28%, cardiovascular diseases in 27%, respiratory diseases in 10%, digestive diseases in 9% and external causes in 8%. Conclusions: These results can inform prevention and treatment strategies for victims of the Chilean dictatorship.

Produção Científica Sobre Ecocardiografia Transesofágica por Países Ibero-Americanos / Scientific Output on Transesophageal Echocardiography from Iberoamerican Countries

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) tem atraído grande atenção e está se tornando um campo científico importante e rapidamente crescente. Objetivo: Analisar a contribuição e as características das publicações científicas sobre ETE na Ibero-América. Métodos: Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada no PubMed (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health) para identificar publicações científicas sobre ETE indexadas até 1º de maio de 2015. Os termos utilizados na pesquisa bibliográfica incluíram "ecocardiografia transesofágica", "ecocardiograma transesofágico", ecocardiografia transesofágica 3D" e "ecocardiografia tridimensional". Esses termos foram vinculados a cada país ibero-americano. Dados adicionais sobre as revistas de cada publicação científica foram obtidos a partir do SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Resultados: A Ibero-América originou 4% de todas as publicações sobre ETE. O número de publicações da Ibero-América aumentou de zero antes de 1990 a 60 em 2015. A Espanha, o México e o Brasil originaram 75% de todas as publicações da região. Cerca de 30% dos textos completos eram de acesso livre. A maioria das publicações científicas era em inglês. Cerca de 90% das publicações eram relatos de casos ou séries de casos sobre endocardite infecciosa, tumores ou massas cardíacas, doença cardíaca congênita, fontes cardioembólicas de acidente vascular cerebral e cardiologia intervencionista invasiva. A Espanha e a Argentina foram os países que originaram manuscritos com maior probabilidade de serem publicados em revistas estrangeiras. Cerca de 40% das publicações ibero-americanas foram em revistas classificadas no quartil superior das revistas científicas em seu respectivo campo. Conclusões: A produção científica sobre ETE na Ibero-América é limitada, mas vem aumentando. O número e as características das publicações sobre ETE mostram diferenças notáveis entre os países ibero-americanos. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2016;29(6):422-430)

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has attracted great attention and is becoming an important, rapid­progressing scientific field. Objective: To analyse the contribution and characteristics of scientific publications on TEE from Iberoamerica. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health) to identify scientific publications on TEE indexed before May 1, 2015. Terms used for the literature search included "transesophageal echocardiography", "transesophageal echocardiogram", "3D transesophageal echocardiography", and "three­dimensional echocardiography". These terms were combined with each Iberoamerican country. Additional data from the journal of each scientific publication were obtained from the SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Results: Iberoamerica originated 4% of all publications on TEE. The number of publications from Iberoamerica increased from zero before 1990 to 60 in 2015. Spain, Mexico, and Brazil originated 75% of all publications from the region. About 30% of full­texts were freely available. Most of the scientific publications were in English. About 90% of the publications were case reports or case series about infectious endocarditis, tumors or cardiac masses, congenital heart disease, cardioembolic sources of stroke, and invasive interventional cardiology. Spain and Argentina were the countries that originated manuscripts with a higher likelihood of being published in foreign journals. About 40% of Iberoamerican publications were in journals ranked in the top 25% of scientific journals in their field. Conclusions: The scientific production on TEE from Iberoamerica is limited, but is increasing. The number and characteristics of publications on TEE show notable differences between Iberoamerican countries.

Resistencia antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp aislada de alimentos de origen animal para consumo humano / Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp isolated animal food for human consumption

Analizar la información disponible sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana de aislamientos de Salmonella spp de alimentos de origen animal para consumo humano en América Latina. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios epidemiológicos observacionales realizados en América Latina entre los años 2003 y 2014 enlas bases de datos PubMed y LILACS. Se excluyeron estudios realizados como parte de estudio de brotes o casos de infecciones en humanos. Tres revisores de forma independiente participaron en la selección de estudios. Además, se realizó la evaluación de calidad a los estudios incluidos. Resultados. Un total de 25 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios incluidos fueron realizados en Brasil, México, Colombia, Argentina y Venezuela. Los aislamientos de Salmonella spp se obtuvieron principalmente de alimentos de origen avícola, porcino y vacuno, siendo Salmonella typhimurium y Salmonella enteritidis los serotipos que se aislaron con mayor frecuencia (17 y 11 estudios, respectivamente). En 23 de los estudios, Salmonella spp fue resistente a más de un antibiótico, incluyendo ácido nalidíxico, estreptomicina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, ampicilina, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina y cefalosporinas. Conclusiones. Los aislamientos de Salmonella spp obtenidos de alimentos de origen animal para consumo humano en los países analizados presentan con frecuencia resistencia a múltiples antibióticos. Es importante que más países en América Latina realicen y publiquen estudios sobre la resistencia de Salmonella spp para establecer y monitorear estrategias de control adecuadas...

To analyze all information available on antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella species isolated from foods of animal origin that are used for human consumption in Latin America. Materials and methods. A systematic review of observational epidemiological studies conducted in Latin America between 2003 and 2014 was carried out using the PubMed and LILACS databases. Studies conducted as part of analyses of outbreaks or cases of human infection were not included. Three reviewers independently participated in the study selection. Additionally, the studies included underwent quality assessment. Results. A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies included were conducted in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Venezuela. Salmonella spp. isolates were obtained mainly from animal-based foods derived from cattle, swine, and poultry, revealing that Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis were the most frequently isolated serotypes (17 and 11 studies, respectively). In 23 studies, Salmonella spp. Showed resistance to more than one antibiotic, including nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and cephalosporins. Conclusions. Salmonella spp. Isolates obtained mainly from animal-based foods for human consumption in the countries analyzed often show resistance to several antibiotics. It is important that more countries in Latin America carry out and publish studies on Salmonella spp. resistance in order to establish and monitor adequate control strategies...

Cardiovascular Research Publications from Latin America between 1999 and 2008. A Bibliometric Study / Publicações de Pesquisas Cardiovasculares da América Latina entre 1999 e 2008. Um Estudo Bibliométrico

Background: Cardiovascular research publications seem to be increasing in Latin America overall. Objective: To analyze trends in cardiovascular publications and their citations from countries in Latin America between 1999 and 2008, and to compare them with those from the rest of the countries. Methods: We retrieved references of cardiovascular publications between 1999 and 2008 and their five-year post-publication citations from the Web of Knowledge database. For countries in Latin America, we calculated the total number of publications and their citation indices (total citations divided by number of publications) by year. We analyzed trends on publications and citation indices over time using Poisson regression models. The analysis was repeated for Latin America as a region, and compared with that for the rest of the countries grouped according to economic development. Results: Brazil (n = 6,132) had the highest number of publications in1999-2008, followed by Argentina (n = 1,686), Mexico (n = 1,368) and Chile (n = 874). Most countries showed an increase in publications over time, leaded by Guatemala (36.5% annually [95%CI: 16.7%-59.7%]), Colombia (22.1% [16.3%-28.2%]), Costa Rica (18.1% [8.1%-28.9%]) and Brazil (17.9% [16.9%-19.1%]). However, trends on citation indices varied widely (from -33.8% to 28.4%). From 1999 to 2008, cardiovascular publications of Latin America increased by 12.9% (12.1%-13.5%) annually. However, the citation indices of Latin America increased 1.5% (1.3%-1.7%) annually, a lower increase than those of all other country groups analyzed. Conclusions: Although the number of cardiovascular publications of Latin America increased from 1999 to 2008, trends on citation indices suggest they may have had a relatively low impact on the research field, stressing the importance of considering quality and dissemination on local research policies. .

Fundamento: As publicações sobre pesquisa cardiovascular parecem estar crescendo na América Latina em geral. Objetivo: Analisar as tendências nas publicações cardiovasculares e suas citações de países na América Latina entre 1999 e 2008, e compará-las àquelas dos demais países. Métodos: Recuperamos, a partir da base de dados Web of Knowledge, as referências de publicações cardiovasculares entre 1999 e 2008 e as suas citações cinco anos após publicação. Para os países da América Latina, calculamos o número total de publicações e seus índices de citação (número total de citações dividido pelo número de publicações) por ano. Analisamos as tendências das publicações e dos índices de citação ao longo do tempo usando modelos de regressão de Poisson. A análise foi repetida para a América Latina como região e comparada àquela para os demais países agrupados de acordo com o desenvolvimento econômico. Resultados: O Brasil (n = 6.132) apresentou o mais alto número de publicações no período 1999-2008, seguindo-se Argentina (n = 1.686), México (n = 1.368) e Chile (n = 874). A maioria dos países apresentou elevação do número de publicações ao longo do tempo, principalmente Guatemala (36,5% anual [IC 95%: 16,7%-59,7%]), Colômbia (22,1% [16,3%-28,2%]), Costa Rica (18,1% [8,1%-28,9%]) e Brasil (17,9% [16,9%-19,1%]). No entanto, as tendências dos índices de citação variaram muito, de -33,8% a 28,4%. De 1999 a 2008, as publicações cardiovasculares na América Latina aumentaram em 12,9% (12,1%-13,5%) por ano. Entretanto, os índices de citação da América Latina aumentaram 1,5% (1,3%-1,7%) por ano, um aumento menor do que aqueles dos demais grupos de países analisados. Conclusões: Embora o número de publicações cardiovasculares da América Latina tenha aumentado de 1999 a 2008, tendências nos índices de citação sugerem que elas possam ter tido um impacto relativamente baixo na área de pesquisa, reforçando a importância de se considerar a qualidade e a disseminação ...

Estimación de la carga de las enfermedades cardiovasculares atribuible a factores de riesgo modificables en Argentina / Estimate of the cardiovascular disease burden attributable to modifiable risk factors in Argentina

Objetivo: Estimar la carga de la enfermedad, su proporción atribuible a los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables y los costos médicos directos por hospitalización, asociados con las enfermedades coronarias y los accidentes cerebrovasculares en Argentina. Métodos: Se elaboró un modelo analítico a partir de los datos de mortalidad en Argentina en 2005 y la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, sobrepeso, obesidad, hiperglucemia, tabaquismo actual y pasado, sedentarismo y consumo inadecuado de frutas y verduras). Se estimaron la carga de la enfermedad -años potenciales de vida perdidos (APVP) y años de vida saludable (AVISA) perdidos- y los costos de hospitalización por las enfermedades cardiovasculares analizadas. Resultados: En 2005 se perdieron en Argentina más de 600 000 AVISA y se contabilizaron casi 400 000 APVP por enfermedades coronarias y accidentes cerebrovasculares; 71,1 por ciento de los AVISA perdidos, 73,9 por ciento de APVP y 76,0 por ciento de los costos asociados son atribuibles a facto-res de riesgo modificables. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo de mayor impacto, tanto en hombres como en mujeres: 37,3 por ciento del costo total, 37,5 por ciento de los APVP y 36,6 por ciento de los AVISA perdidos. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de la carga de la enfermedad en Argentina por enfermedades cardiovasculares está relacionada con factores de riesgo modificables -por lo tanto evitables- y podría reducirse mediante intervenciones poblacionales y clínicas basadas en un enfoque de riesgo, que ya han demostrado ser efectivas en función del costo, asequibles y factibles en países como Argentina.

Objective: Estimate the burden of disease, the proportion attributable to the principal modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and the direct medical cost of hospitalization associated with coronary heart disease and stroke in Argentina. Methodology: An analitical model was prepared using Argentina's 2005 mortality data and the prevalence of the principal cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, obesity, hyperglycemia, current and past smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables). The burden of disease-years of potential life lost (YPLL) and years of healthy life lost (YHLL)- and hospitalization costs for the cardiovascular diseases analyzed were estimated. Results: In 2005 over 600 000 YHL were lost in Argentina and the number of YPLL due to heart disease and stroke was calculated at 400 000; 71.1 percent of the YHLL, 73.9 percent of the YPLL, and 76.0 percent of the associated costs were attributable to modifiable risk factors. Hypertension was the risk factor with the greatest impact in both men and in women, responsible for 37.3 percent of the total cost, 37.5 percent of the YPLL, and 36.6 percent of the YHLL. Conclusions: Most of the burden of disease from cardiovascular disease in Argentina is associated with modifiable, and therefore preventable, risk factors and could be reduced through population-based and clinical interventions that employ a risk approach; such interventions have already proven to be cost effective, accessible, and feasible in countries like Argentina.